problem; the unconscious mind of the individual was not 
     in any way surprising; it was merely a part of the universal 
     mind to which the individual awareness enjoyed no direct 
     access. But to the third, Cartesian, school the admission 
     of the existence of unconscious mental processes 
     presented an acute philosophical challenge, for it 
     demanded the discarding of the original conception of the 
     dualism, as one of two independent realms, matter in 
     motion and mind necessarily aware. For those who were 
     loyal to Descartes, all that was not conscious in man was 
     material and physiological, and therefore not mental.

     The last sentence will suggest to some that the present 
book is material and physiological rather than mental in its 
assumptions. That is not the case, nor is it the theme. The 
point is, rather, how do we become aware of the effects of